1.1. 线程池
执行任务需要实现的 Runnable 接口 或 Callable接口。
1.1.1. 创建
1.通过Executor，内部仍然通过ThreadPoolExecutor实现
- Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() 一个单线程的线程池，可以用于需要保证顺序执行的场景，并且只有一个线程在执行。
/**
* Creates an Executor that uses a single worker thread operating
* off an unbounded queue. (Note however that if this single
* thread terminates due to a failure during execution prior to
* shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to execute
* subsequent tasks.) Tasks are guaranteed to execute
* sequentially, and no more than one task will be active at any
* given time. Unlike the otherwise equivalent
* {@code newFixedThreadPool(1)} the returned executor is
* guaranteed not to be reconfigurable to use additional threads.
*
* @return the newly created single-threaded Executor
*/
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
- Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10); 一个固定大小的线程池，可以用于已知并发压力的情况下，对线程数做限制。
/**
* Creates a thread pool that reuses a fixed number of threads
* operating off a shared unbounded queue. At any point, at most
* {@code nThreads} threads will be active processing tasks.
* If additional tasks are submitted when all threads are active,
* they will wait in the queue until a thread is available.
* If any thread terminates due to a failure during execution
* prior to shutdown, a new one will take its place if needed to
* execute subsequent tasks. The threads in the pool will exist
* until it is explicitly {@link ExecutorService#shutdown shutdown}.
*
* @param nThreads the number of threads in the pool
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code nThreads <= 0}
*/
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}
3.Executors.newCachedThreadPool() 一个可以无限扩大的线程池，比较适合处理执行时间比较小的任务
/**
* Creates a thread pool that creates new threads as needed, but
* will reuse previously constructed threads when they are
* available. These pools will typically improve the performance
* of programs that execute many short-lived asynchronous tasks.
* Calls to {@code execute} will reuse previously constructed
* threads if available. If no existing thread is available, a new
* thread will be created and added to the pool. Threads that have
* not been used for sixty seconds are terminated and removed from
* the cache. Thus, a pool that remains idle for long enough will
* not consume any resources. Note that pools with similar
* properties but different details (for example, timeout parameters)
* may be created using {@link ThreadPoolExecutor} constructors.
*
* @return the newly created thread pool
*/
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}
4.Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10) 可以延时启动，定时启动的线程池，适用于需要多个后台线程执行周期任务的场景。
/**
* Creates a thread pool that can schedule commands to run after a
* given delay, or to execute periodically.
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool,
* even if they are idle
* @return a newly created scheduled thread pool
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
*/
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
}
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor extends ThreadPoolExecutor implements ScheduledExecutorService
/**
* Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
* given core pool size.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
*/
public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
new DelayedWorkQueue());
}
5.Executors.newWorkStealingPool() 一个拥有多个任务队列的线程池，可以减少连接数，创建当前可用cpu数量的线程来并行执行。 jdk8
/**
* Creates a work-stealing thread pool using the number of
* {@linkplain Runtime#availableProcessors available processors}
* as its target parallelism level.
*
* @return the newly created thread pool
* @see #newWorkStealingPool(int)
* @since 1.8
*/
public static ExecutorService newWorkStealingPool() {
return new ForkJoinPool
(Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors(),
ForkJoinPool.defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory,
null, true);
}
/**
* Creates a {@code ForkJoinPool} with the given parameters.
*
* @param parallelism the parallelism level. For default value,
* use {@link java.lang.Runtime#availableProcessors}.
* @param factory the factory for creating new threads. For default value,
* use {@link #defaultForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory}.
* @param handler the handler for internal worker threads that
* terminate due to unrecoverable errors encountered while executing
* tasks. For default value, use {@code null}.
* @param asyncMode if true,
* establishes local first-in-first-out scheduling mode for forked
* tasks that are never joined. This mode may be more appropriate
* than default locally stack-based mode in applications in which
* worker threads only process event-style asynchronous tasks.
* For default value, use {@code false}.
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if parallelism less than or
* equal to zero, or greater than implementation limit
* @throws NullPointerException if the factory is null
* @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and
* the caller is not permitted to modify threads
* because it does not hold {@link
* java.lang.RuntimePermission}{@code ("modifyThread")}
*/
public ForkJoinPool(int parallelism,
ForkJoinWorkerThreadFactory factory,
UncaughtExceptionHandler handler,
boolean asyncMode) {
this(checkParallelism(parallelism),
checkFactory(factory),
handler,
asyncMode ? FIFO_QUEUE : LIFO_QUEUE,
"ForkJoinPool-" + nextPoolId() + "-worker-");
checkPermission();
}
2.通过ThreadPoolExecutor（推荐）
/**
* 用给定的初始参数创建一个新的ThreadPoolExecutor。
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,//线程池的核心线程数量
int maximumPoolSize,//线程池的最大线程数
long keepAliveTime,//当线程数大于核心线程数时，多余的空闲线程存活的最长时间
TimeUnit unit,//时间单位
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,//任务队列，用来储存等待执行任务的队列
ThreadFactory threadFactory,//线程工厂，用来创建线程，一般默认即可
RejectedExecutionHandler handler//拒绝策略，当提交的任务过多而不能及时处理时，我们可以定制策略来处理任务
) {
if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
keepAliveTime < 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
this.workQueue = workQueue;
this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
this.handler = handler;
}
1.核心参数
ThreadPoolExecutor 3 个最重要的参数：
- corePoolSize : 核心线程数线程数定义了最小可以同时运行的线程数量。
- maximumPoolSize : 当队列中存放的任务达到队列容量的时候，当前可以同时运行的线程数量变为最大线程数。
- workQueue: 当新任务来的时候会先判断当前运行的线程数量是否达到核心线程数，如果达到的话，信任就会被存放在队列中。
ThreadPoolExecutor其他常见参数:
- keepAliveTime:当线程池中的线程数量大于 corePoolSize 的时候，如果这时没有新的任务提交，核心线程外的线程不会立即销毁，而是会等待，直到等待的时间超过了 keepAliveTime才会被回收销毁；
- unit : keepAliveTime 参数的时间单位。
- threadFactory :executor 创建新线程的时候会用到。
- handler :饱和策略。关于饱和策略下面单独介绍一下。
2.饱和策略(拒绝策略)
运行原理
线程池默认的处理策略是AbortPolicy
ThreadPoolExecutor 饱和策略定义:
如果当前同时运行的线程数量达到最大线程数量并且队列也已经被放满了时，ThreadPoolTaskExecutor 定义一些策略:
- AbortPolicy： 当任务添加到线程池中被拒绝时，它将抛出 RejectedExecutionException 异常。
- CallerRunsPolicy： 当任务添加到线程池中被拒绝时，会在线程池当前正在运行的Thread线程池中处理被拒绝的任务。
- DiscardOldestPolicy： 当任务添加到线程池中被拒绝时，线程池会放弃等待队列中最旧的未处理任务，然后将被拒绝的任务添加到等待队列中。
- DiscardPolicy： 当任务添加到线程池中被拒绝时，线程池将丢弃被拒绝的任务。
1.1.2. 2.对比方法
2.1 Runnable vs Callable
工具类 Executors 可以实现 Runnable 对象和 Callable 对象之间的相互转换。
- Executors.callable（Runnable task）
- Executors.callable（Runnable task，Object resule）
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
/**
* 被线程执行，没有返回值也无法抛出异常
*/
public abstract void run();
}
Runnable 接口不会返回结果或抛出检查异常，但是Callable 接口可以。
@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
/**
* 计算结果，或在无法这样做时抛出异常。
* @return 计算得出的结果
* @throws 如果无法计算结果，则抛出异常
*/
V call() throws Exception;
}
2.2 execute() vs submit()
- execute()方法用于提交不需要返回值的任务，所以无法判断任务是否被线程池执行成功与否；
- submit()方法用于提交需要返回值的任务。
public Future<?> submit(Runnable task) {
if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
RunnableFuture<Void> ftask = newTaskFor(task, null);
execute(ftask);
return ftask;
}
public void execute(Runnable command) {
...
}
2.3 shutdown() VS shutdownNow()
- shutdown（） :关闭线程池，线程池的状态变为 SHUTDOWN。线程池不再接受新任务了，但是队列里的任务得执行完毕。
- shutdownNow（） :关闭线程池，线程池的状态变为 STOP。线程池会终止当前正在运行的任务，并停止处理排队的任务并返回正在等待执行的 List。不过它试图终止线程的方法是通过调用Thread.interrupt()方法来实现的。如果线程中没有在阻塞状态，interrupt()方法是无法中断当前线程的。所以ShutdownNow()并不代表线程池就一定立即就能退出，它可能必须要等待所有正在执行的任务都执行完成了才能退出
2.4 isTerminated() VS isShutdown()
- isShutDown 当调用 shutdown() 方法后返回为 true。
- isTerminated 当调用 shutdown() 方法后，并且所有提交的任务完成后返回为 true